![]() and Brulé M.: "Phase Behavior", SPE Monograph Series vol. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control", Volume 5, Issue 6, 2011,Pages 1460-1477,ISSN 1750-5836 Stenby,"Measurement and modeling of CO2 solubility in NaCl brine and CO2–saturated NaCl brine density, and Whitson, C.H.: "Peng-Robinson Predictions for Hydrocarbons,ĬO2, N2 and H2S With Pure Water and NaCl-Brines," Fluid Phase Increasing pressure change in the under-saturated state: The summary is based on Chapter 9 of Whitson and Brulé\(\) is calculated for an other things, he was able to show that the properties of liquids (not named. This section explains how correlations can be used to estimate the water density and viscosity which is relevant for reservoir simulation and pipe-flow calculations. The dependency of dynamic viscosity of water, the commonly encountered. The amount of gas in solution in water can also be included as a fourth variable. Water PVT and viscosity can be computed as a function of pressure, temperature, and salinity. ![]() Water PVT Computing Water Properties from Correlations Introduction No treatment was done on the Bakken produced water except filtration and dilution.Computing Water Properties from CorrelationsĬomputing Water Properties Using an EOS Model The results show that the Bakken water high in TDS treated with higher dosages (4–8 GPT) of HVFRs withstand the effect of hardness, salinity, and heavy metals and remain stable at various shear rates (66–330 s −1). This work includes experimental research divided into base case scenarios that serve as a standard for comparison of the effectiveness of the other cases. This research presents an experimental investigation using the Bakken Formation's hypersaline water with HVFRs. This paper aims to study all relevant means that allow the Bakken Formation to produce water that can be used as an alternative based fluid for use with polymers like high viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs) to make hydraulic fracturing fluids that will be stable with reservoir conditions and able to reduce environmental footprints and operating costs. However, none have been able to cope with the issue of wastewater and residual oil high in TDS. ![]() We can measure viscosity by measuring the rate at which a metal ball falls. Honey, syrup, motor oil, and other liquids that do not flow freely, like those shown in Figure 7.1.1, have higher viscosities. Water, gasoline, and other liquids that flow freely have a low viscosity. Previous studies have discussed various means of improving the quality of the produced water. Absolute or dynamic viscosity is used to calculate Reynolds Number to determine if a fluid flow is laminar, transient or turbulent. The viscosity of a liquid is a measure of its resistance to flow. In addition, it could be used for power generation or to support coal mining and irrigation. If treated and made fit for its respective applications, this water could be reused in the hydrofracturing process, thereby reducing operator costs of water acquisition and disposal. ![]() However, there have been some fears that continuous injections, in addition to contaminating the ground water, could potentially lead to seismic activities either at the time of injection or in the near future. The most common disposal method in the Bakken Formation is deep injections into disposal wells. However, the produced water from these activities has high salt contents (∼110,000 to 350,000 ppm) total dissolve solids (TDS) in the Bakken Formation) and poisonous if untreated and in contact with the environment. This has also made unconventional reservoir assets the central focus of the oil and gas/energy industry at the state, national, and global levels. Since the arrival and advancement of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracturing) technologies, developing and producing unconventional formations like the Bakken Formation have become a mystery solved for operators in North America. ![]()
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